共用题干 第二篇

Medical Education

In 18th-century colonial America,those who wanted to become physicians either
learned as personal students from established professionals or went abroad to study in the
traditional schools of London,Paris, and Edinburgh.Medicine was first taught formally by
specialists at the University of Pennsylvania,beginning in 1765,and in 1767 at King"s
College(now Columbia University),the first institution in the colonies to give the degree of
doctor of medicine.Following the American Revolution,the Columbia medical faculty
(formerly of King"s College)was combined with the College of Physicians and Surgeons,
chartered in 1809,which survives as a division of Columbia University.
In 1893 the Johns Hopkins Medical School required all applicants to have a college
degree and was the first to afford its students the opportunity to further their training in an
attached teaching hospita".The growth of medical schools attached with established
institutions of earning went together with the development of proprietary（私营的）schools of
medicine run for personal profit,most of which had low standards and poor facilities.In
1910 Abraham Rexner,the American education reformer,wrote Medical Education in the
United States and Canada,exposing the poor conditions of most proprietary schools.
Subsequently，the American Medical Association(AM A)and the Association of American
Medical Coleges(AAM C) laid down standards for course content,qualifications of
teachers,laboratory facilities,connection with teaching hospitals,and licensing of medical
practitioners（开业医师）that survive to this day.
By the late 1980s the U.S. and Canada had 142 4-year medical colleges recognized by
the Liaison（联络）Committee on Medical Education to offer the M. a degree ; during the
1987-88 academic year,47,262 men and 25,686 women entered these colleges and an
estimated 11,752 men and 5,958 women were graduated.Graduates,after a year of
internship（实习期）,receive licenses to practice if they pass an examination given either by
a state board or by the Nafional Board of Medical Examiners. The AMA and AAMC established standards so as to

C